第12部分 (第1/7頁)

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this　necessitates　the　selection　and　separation　from　the　rest　of　those　who　have　to　take　the　helm　in

political　affairs；　to　decide；　concerning　them；　and　to　give　orders　to　other　citizens；　with　a　view　to　the

execution　of　their　plans。　If；　e。g。；　even　the　people　in　a　Democracy　resolve　on　a　war；　a　general　must

head　the　army。　It　is　only　by　a　Constitution　that　the　abstraction　…　the　State　…　attains　life　and　reality；

but　this　involves　the　distinction　between　those　who　mand　and　those　who　obey。　…　Yet

obedience　seems　inconsistent　with　liberty；　and　those　who　mand　appear　to　do　the　very

opposite　of　that　which　the　fundamental　idea　of　the　State；　viz。　that　of　Freedom；　requires。　It　is；

however；　urged　that；　…　though　the　distinction　between　manding　and　obeying　is　absolutely

necessary；　because　affairs　could　not　go　on　without　it　…　and　indeed　this　seems　only　a　pulsory

limitation；　external　to　and　even　contravening　freedom　in　the　abstract　…　the　constitution　should　be　at

least　so　framed；　that　the　citizens　may　obey　as　little　as　possible；　and　the　smallest　modicum　of　free

volition　be　left　to　the　mands　of　the　superiors；　…　that　the　substance　of　that　for　which

subordination　is　necessary；　even　in　its　most　important　bearings；　should　be　decided　and　resolved　on

by　the　People　…　by　the　will　of　many　or　of　all　the　citizens；　though　it　is　supposed　to　be　thereby

provided　that　the　State　should　be　possessed　of　vigour　and　strength　as　a　reality　…　an　individual

unity。　…　The　primary　consideration　is；　then；　the　distinction　between　the　governing　and　the　governed；

and　political　constitutions　in　the　abstract　have　been　rightly　divided　into　Monarchy；　Aristocracy；

and　Democracy；　which　gives　occasion；　however；

《哲學史-philosophy of history(英文版)》 第12部分（第1/7頁），本章未完，點選下一頁繼續閱讀。